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audience - the people who watch and listen to a play characters
- the people in the play, chosen by the playwright Concentration – the actors needs to think very hard about his or her character and the drama at the moment. The actor does not “drop character,” stop being the character. consensus – everyone agrees costumes - what the characters wear create - make something new, come up with new ideas critique - saying what you like about a play and how you think it can be improved dialogue
- what the characters say, written by the playwright or made up in improvisation.
For example, floor plan - the birds-eye view drawing of the setting
hand prop
– objects that an actor uses on stage improvisation - making up dialogue and story as you go along motivation – why a character does something; actors and playwrights need to know why a character acts that way. For example, the mother paces the floor, calls her son’s best friend and the police. Her motivation is that she is very worried because her son isn’t home on time. original – your very own ideas play - a story that people act out playwright - the person who writes the play. He or she chooses the characters, setting and problem and writes the dialogue and stage directions. problem - what the characters need to solve in the play. For example, the children need to help the bully understand that he will have no friends if he keeps on hurting the younger kids. rendering
– a colored drawing of a setting or costumes scene
design - a drawing of the setting set prop – a piece of furniture or a big thing like a tree that is part of a setting setting
- where the play takes place stage directions - the playwright writes what the actors are to do. For example, (The boy kneels and pets the dog.) story - what happens to the characters, how the Hohokam and Pimas explained their world to their children vocal variety - making your voice louder or softer, higher or lower, slower or faster to be interesting voice –
the words a character uses. The words should fit just him or her. For
example, volume - how loud you speak. It is important for thr actor to speak with enough volume, loudly enough, for thr audience to hear what is said. adobe
- sun dried mud or bricks made of mud and clay Adobe church. Tempe Historical Museum ancestors
- the people who came before, great grandparents and other ancient relatives Anglo – a person who speaks English archeologists
- people who study the pottery and buildings left by human beings artifacts – an object used by people a long time ago.
100 year old kerosene lamp and china cup an saucer. Carpenter’s tools from 100 years ago. Photos by Jim Wright Aztec Indians – a group of people who ruled Mexico before the Spaniards came in the 1600s. They are the ancestors of some of the Mexicans living today. bar graph
– a graph that gives a picture of information. To use a bar graph:
behavior - what you do, how you act blacksmith – a person who shapes iron, a kind of metal, for horseshoes and wagon wheels.
calendar stick - a wooden stick with marks or symbols, to remind the storyteller about what happened in the past cattle ranches -large farms for cows, sheep or horses calligraphy - beautiful handwriting. The Chinese characters or ideograms (symbols for ideas) are an art form. Also check out Chinese calligraphy
celebrate, celebration - to be a part of holiday events, to have a big party for a special reason. We have a firework display to celebrate the Fourth of July. ceremony – a set way to be a part of a holiday. Dancers would learn a traditional
dance for Kwanzaa. They would wear traditional costumes. ceremonial – things or places for ceremonies or special events Chanukah - an 8 day Jewish religious holiday that is celebrated in December characters - Chinese writing of ideograms, figures that represent ideas checks and balances – three different parts of government look at laws to see if they are fair. This way the president, the congress and the judges in the courts check up on each other. At the city level it is the mayor, the city council, and the judges in the courts. This is a way to see that the laws are fair. china – very fine pottery, clay dishes. It was first made in China. This is how it got its name.
Chinese calligraphy - Chinese calligraphy is a way for the Chinese calligraphy started with pictures to represent ideas. They had pictographs. The pictures got simpler and simpler until they became ideograms or characters. See how the picture of lake grew into a pictograph and finally an ideogram.
Picture, pictographs, ideogram Today, high school students in China should know about 1,200 ideograms. College students should know at least 2,500. Some scholars may know 130,000 characters. There are probably 300,000 characters. Christian – a person whose religion is based on the life and teachings of Jesus. Christianity – a religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus. circumstances – things that make something happen. They teased and were mean to the dog. Those were the circumstances that caused the dog to bit. There was a drought, no rain, and the crops didn’t grow. The Indians survived, managed, in these circumstances by eating cactus. citizen - a member of a nation, usually someone who has the right to vote citizenship - how people need to behave if they are to live together and be happy. Good citizens:
citrus
trees – grapefruit, lemon, lime, orange trees city council
– a group of people elected to help govern a city. They make the
laws for the city. Tempe Historical Museum community - people that live and work in the same place. They think about the same things. They care about the same things. communism – a kind of government. The government owns all the property. The rulers decide what the people in the country should do. They decide what jobs the people should have. They decide how much money they can make. Everyone is supposed to be equal. compass – an instrument made to help you find the directions, north, south, east, west Compass
Rose - shows directions on a map. For instance, in Tempe, A Mountain
is north of Broadmor School. compare
and contrast – compare, to see how things are the same;
contrast, to see how things are different. This is a good way to understand
things from the past. For instance:
Model of a Hohokam house, Photo by Jim Wright
Old Tempe house, Tempe Historical Museum The old Tempeans had stores and Tempeans today have stores where they buy clothing and food, but the stores and what they sell are different.
Old Tempe Mercantile Store, Tempe Historical Society Old Tempe had a Normal teachers college. Tempe today has Arizona State University. The Normal School had one building and 31 students. ASU has 55,500 students and many buildings. At the Normal School the students studied to be teachers. ASU is different because the students can study for many different kinds of careers or jobs.
The Tempe Normal School, Tempe Historical Museum congress - the group of people who make laws for our country. They represent us. Your parents vote for them. constables – a peace officer, a policeman continent – a very large body of land. Continents have several countries in them. The United States, Mexico and Canada are part of the North American Continent. England, France, Germany Spain, Italy and Russia are some of the countries on the European continent. There are seven continents in the world. contribute - to give. He contributed his time and two rose plants to help make the new garden. corpse - the body of a dead personcosmopolitan – a community that has people from all over the world. Ideas from people all over the world. culture - how people live, the language they speak. The clothes they wear and the food they eat. The objects they make such as pots and baskets. What and the way they teach their children. The sports and games they play. The religion they believe in.
custom - things a group of people do in their society, or their ethnic group. It is the custom of the Chinese to visit friends and relatives on the days of Chinese New Year. It is the custom in the United States to give family members gifts on Christmas. cycle - things that are repeated in a regular way. For example, the moon circles the earth every 29 and 1/2 days. This is the moon's cycle. As we look at the moon, it changes from
Also check out the moon phases. Click on "earth view" or "both" and then "animate" to see the moon circle the earth and the way the moon looks to us as it circles the earth. This is the phase, or cycle, of the moon. dairy – a farm with cows, a farm where milk and butter is produced. Declaration of Independence - the written paper that says the citizens of the United States of America are free from British rule. It was written by Thomas Jefferson. departed - gone; a gentle way to say that someone is dead democracy - a government where the people can vote and through their representatives make the rules for the city, state or nation. design – make a plan for. For example, a plan was made for Washington, D.C. You can also design cars and clothes. dynasty – emperors, kings or queens from the same family. China had a dynasty of Emperors. England has a dynasty of kings and queens. earthquake - the earth moves suddenly. The earth shakes. Buildings can fall down. San Francisco and other cities along the west coast of the United States have earthquakes. Check out how it works: Elastic Rebound Animation economy – the work people do, how they spend their money, the things that help them
make money like: There are lots of jobs. The economy is good. elders - older and very respected members of the tribe. The elders wanted a new school for the children. elected – the person chosen by the people who voted. emperor – a man who rules a country. He becomes emperor because his father was the ruler. The people do not get to vote for the emperor. emphasize - to point something out; to draw attention to it encyclopedia – a book that has information about all sorts of things. Often things are listed in alphabetical order. It has much more information than a dictionary. Wickopedia is an online encyclopedia. entertainment – a show for an audience. The entertainment was a group of dancers. environment – what is around you. You might be in a school environment. You could be in a desert or country environment.
essential – something you can’t do without. Water is essential to humans and animals. express, expression - to say; to share ideas through body movement factories – places where things are made. For instance, bicycle factories, helicopter factories federal government - is the government for the whole country. In Washington, D.C. there is the President, the Congress and the Supreme Court. In each state there is a Federal Court that has judges that checks to see if the laws are fair. ferry – a boat that carries people, wagons, cars, and goods across water
fiesta – a religious holiday a day of celebration with dancing, food and games, especially in Spanish speaking countries
Turtle. Helen Cordero focus - the center of interest; to think about one thing fog – water, mist in the air. Fog makes it hard to see.
freedom - not controlled; free to do what you want or say what you think; but in a free country, the people also need to be responsible for what they do geography - a study of landforms, bodies of water, climate, natural resources
governor – the person who is in charge of a state. He or she is elected by the people. government – the leaders in a community, the laws and rules they make, and the things they have built like bridges that make life easier harmony – everybody gets along. Everybody lives together in peace, helping one another. harvest - gather plants when they are ready to be eaten heed – listen to, do what you’re told hemisphere – half of the earth. The northern or southern half, divided by the equator. The eastern or western half divided by a line (meridian) from equator to equator. Check out an old map of the hemispheres and a paper plate version. Click on the two top images to see them blown up. Hemisphere Maps. heritage – things or culture that is passed from parents to their children Hispanic – someone who has Spanish parents or ancestors history - what happened in the past host - put on a party or event and invite people. The Chinese are hosting the Olympic Games in 2008 and inviting people from around the world. justice of the peace – a judge who helps people settle arguments ideogram - a symbol representing an idea. Chinese characters are ideograms. In the beginning the symbols were simplified pictures of things or ideas, but over time they changed so that you can no longer see the picture. You need to memorize the meaning of the character. See Chinese calligraphy ill fortune - fortune is things that happen or luck. Ill fortune means bad luck. Bad things happen. immigrate - move to and live in a new country. In the United States all but the Native Americans are immigrants. Most of our parents, or perhaps even our great, great grandparents moved to the United States from countries around the world.
individual – a single person. Individually – one person does a thing inherited - received from an ancestor, parents and grandparents interact - to do things with each other. The children interact during their lunch period. inventions – things that people create. Made for the first time. irrigation canal - a ditch made to bring water from a river to fields
Jewish - a group of people who lived in the Kingdom of Judah a long time ago. They were forced to leave their country and now live all over the world. Many Jews still share the same religion and culture. Today, some Jews have returned to Israel (the former Kingdom of Judah). justice – things are fair for everyone justice of the peace – a person who acts as a judge in a small town. He or she helps to keep the town peaceful. Kwanzaa - a seven day celebration at the end of December that gives African Americans the chance to reconnect to their roots in Africa and to celebrate their community in the United States. landform - the land, water, mountains, desert lay see (laisee) – a small red envelop with money. It is given to children and unmarried friends as part of the Chinese New Year celebration.
legends – stories handed down from the past legislature – a group of people that make laws Los Dias de los Muertos - The Days of the Dead, a Mexican celebration honoring relatives who have died. It is a happy festival with candies and parades. Each year it is celebrated October 31 and November 1.
lunar calendar - is based on the cycles of the moon and is different from the Western solar calendar. It is based on the cycle of the moon (lunar) rather than the cycle of the earth moving around the sun (solar). See cycle. The cycle of the moon is 29 and 1/2 days. This is the time it takes the moon to travel around the earth. This means that with twelve months in a year that are 29 and 1/2 days long, there are 354 days in a lunar year. Our solar calendar, which keeps track of days by counting the time it takes the earth to go around the sun, is 365 days. This means there is a difference of 11 days between the two calendars. Businesses around the world use the solar calendar. Many older cultures still celebrate their holidays based on the lunar calendar or a combination of the lunar and solar calendars. Chinese New Year and Ramadan are celebrated using a lunar calendar. Chanukah is celebrated on days determined by a combination of the lunar and solar calendars. Easter is another holiday that varies from year to year. If a holiday is set by a lunar calendar, the day will vary when compared with the regular solar calendar. For instance, Chinese New Year can come on any day from the end of January to the middle of February.malaria – a bad sickness that comes from mosquito bites. Many people got malaria if they were in Panama. It is a major disease in Africa today, killing many children. map
- a flat drawing of a place--the world, a continent, a state, a city mercantile
store – a store that sells all sorts of things, clothing,
food, tools, dishes, jewelry Mercantile store. Tempe Historical Museum merchants – people who buy and then sell things matate
- a flat stone used to grind corn Mexican American – an American citizen who has ancestors (parents, grandparents) who lived in Mexico mill
– a building that has big, moving stones to grind flour minerals
– rocks that are valuable. Gold, silver, iron, are minerals monument – buildings or statues to honor important people and events.
Photos of the Vietnam Wall in Washington, D.C. The wall lists the name of every U.S. soldier killed in the Vietnam War. Many people visit the wall to see the name of a brother, father or grandfather. Some people leave flowers in their memory. This is a very important monument honoring all those who died in this war. It was designed by Mia Lin.
nation – a large group of people who have the same government. The United States is a nation with a democratic government; representatives of the people make the laws. China is a nation with a communist government; the rulers decide the laws without a vote from the people. museum – a place where they collect and display things of interest. Museums can hold things about history as well as art. Check out some of the paintings and sculpture at the National Gallery of Art, one of the art museums on the Mall in Washington, D.C. http://nga.gov Check out The Collection and NGA Kids! Native Americans - the people who first lived in America native country – where you were born. Most of you are probably native citizens of the United States. Some of you may have been born in another country such as Mexico or Russia or Vietnam. natural resources - plants and animals, the minerals like gold or iron found in a place
naturally – what happens without people doing anything. Rocks are naturally rounded by water. Plants, particularly weeds, grow without our giving them water or fertilizer. normal school - a school that trains elementary school teachers. opportunity – a chance to do a good thing oversee – look out for what happens. Help to make certain that everything works well. olas kih - house of cottonwood branches, cactus ribs and brush made by the Pima Indians; they lived in small villages with several families and their buildings
Pima house. Tempe Historical Museum pageant - an entertainment for the people. It can be a parade or a play about historical happenings parasol
– a small umbrella to keep off the sun paved
– cover to make smoother. Roads are paved. peninsula – land nearly surrounded by water. San Francisco is a peninsula. phonetic alphabet - letters representing sounds. A, b, c, d, e, f are the first letters of our alphabet. We combine the letters to make the words. This is very different than the characters used in Chinese writing where the characters represent ideas.
pictograph - a picture representing an idea. The international signs for man and woman are pictographs. The Chinese symbols started as simplified pictures of ideas that they wanted to write about.
policy – the rules for doing something. Often rules that a government makes. A policy is not a law but the ideas that guide what is done. political – related to government. For instance, political holidays celebrate important days for a nation such as the Fourth of July in the United States. This is when the founding fathers signed the Declaration of Independence, saying that Americans were free from British rule. prankster – someone who likes to play jokes on other people. precise - exact, the way it should be. He cut out the picture precisely. press conference – reporters for a newspaper or a TV station meet to broadcast questions that they ask some important person. The President of the United States has press conferences and we see them on our television sets. Movie stars have press conferences. Students could have press conferences so their classmates could learn about history. procession - like a parade, a group of people in special clothes walking by. Processions are often part of religious or political celebrations. produce – things that have been grown like rice, wheat or vegetables public transportation – ways to travel that are owned by a business or the government. Buses, taxicabs, trains and airplanes are public transportation. rainforest – a forest in a hot wet climate. For lots of information, check out All About Rainforests Ramadan - is an Islamic observance. Islam is the religion of those who call themselves Muslims. There are more than 1.2 billion (1,200,000,000) Muslims in the world today. Most of them live in the Middle East, a part of Asia. Look at the map of Asia http://go.hrw.com/atlas/norm_htm/asia.htm find: Saudi Arabia, Iraq, and Iran, Pakistan, Egypt and Syria. Most of the people in these countries are Muslims, but many Muslims also live in the North African countries. Many people who live in India, Malaysia and Indonesia are also Muslim. Muslims live in over fifty countries in the world. Ramadan is a very special time for Muslims. It is a time for prayer, charity (giving to those who are less fortunate), sharing, family and friends, and celebration. It is a time to think about what each one can do to be a better person. Ramada starts with the beginning of the ninth month of the Muslim calendar and lasts for 28 days, October 29 to November 24 in 2003. This is based on a lunar calendarthat charts time by the moon's travel around earth. The Muslims fast for twelve hours each day of Ramadan as a way to help them think about being a better person. They eat breakfast before the sun rises. Then the adults fast, do not eat all day, until the sun sets. Then they meet with their family and friends to eat and celebrate their successful fast. Each day they visit their mosque (church) to pray with the Muslims in their community. The mosque is the center of their community. The many tiles in the mosque are an example of the very intricate geometric patterns that their craftsmen do so beautifully. This art work is an important part of their culture.
relatives - brothers, sisters, great aunts and uncles religion, religious – the beliefs of a group of people about God representative – a person who speaks up for others. They have the same ideas. For instance, if your school has a student council, the members of the student council represent the students in your school. You voted for them to be your representatives. In the United States adults vote for representatives to tell the city, state and national government what they think and what they need. research – finding out about things; careful study. For instance,
reservation - land set aside for the Native Americans resident – someone who lives in a place. responsibilities – things you must do. Things that other people expect you to do. revolt, revolution – to fight against a government. The Chinese revolted against their emperor and set up a communist government. The Americans revolted against the British Crown to form the United States of America. rights – things you can do. The government has passed laws saying that it is ok for people to do these things. For instance, in the United States, we’ve got a right to say what we think. secure, security – not dangerous, safe silent movies – movies that don’t have voices for the actors or music. When movies were first made, none of them had sound. simplify - make easier with less detail. For example, the second sentence is simpler than the first.
Or, here are two versions of a drawing.
The drawing on the right is simpler, has less lines, than the one on the left. simply – to live in a plain manner, not needing many things, or to travel. slates – a writing tablet made of stone used in the past. The children could write on them with chalk and then erase what they had written. This was cheaper than using paper. socialize – visit with people in your community, with neighbors, friends and family solar calendar - a way of keeping track of days, seasons and years. It uses the earth's trip around the sun as the measure of a year. There are 365 days in a year. Months vary from 28 - 31 days. This is the calendar used by businesses around the world. See also lunar calendar.
Spaniards - people from Spain. Check out Spain on the map of Europe http://go.hrw.com/atlas/norm_htm/europe.htm spectacular - very exciting and impressive; interesting to see and hear stylize - to make in a simple way. For instance, the Chinese calligraphy, handwriting, uses stylized symbols for ideas. In the beginning these symbols were pictures of the idea.
suburb, suburban – a community located near a big city survive – to live longer than others, to live through very bad times symbol,
symbolize - a thing that reminds us of another thing. The United
States flag reminds us of America, wavy line might have reminded the Hohokam
of the flood. A circle to look like the sun might have reminded them of
a very hot period with no water — a drought. All cultures have symbols
to remind them of ideas that are important to them. Tardeada
– a community social dance usually held on tax – money that people pay to support their government technology – man-made things that make life easier. For example, irrigation canals were a form of technology. Today we think of cell phones, televisions and computers as technology. territorial legislators - people who governed, made rules for a part of the United States before there was a state territory – a part of the United States - but not a state. For instance, Arizona was a territory before it became a state in 1912. Guam is a territory. time line – a way to show the order in which things happened.
tourists – people who like to travel tradition - passing down stories and ways of life from grandparents to parents and from parents to children transcontinental – across a continent. For instance, across America, Africa, or Europe. The railroad that ran across the United States from New York to California was called the transcontinental railroad. transportation – ways to carry people and things from one place to another. trinity - three things that are related, that interact unified – all parts worked together. All the regions in China worked together; all the states in the United States work together under one government.
village – a small group of houses in the country vote – say you want someone to represent you. Mark a ballot showing who you want. You vote for school representatives in your school council. Your parents vote for the mayor and the president. wharf – a landing place for boats.
zodiac - a circle of symbols that stand for a way to keep track of years. The Chinese zodiac has 12 animals; each one stands for one year. After 12 years the cycle starts again. A long time ago in Europe they had a zodiac that represented the planets moving around the sun. Other cultures had other zodiacs showing how they kept time. The Chinese remember the year they were born in by the animal for that year. They then said, "This is the animal that hides in your heart." These horoscopes are amusing, but not regarded seriously by the Chinese people. The Twelve Animal Signs Rat Ox Tiger Rabbit Dragon Snake Horse Sheep Monkey Rooster Dog Pig Background Information The animal signs also serve a useful social function for finding out people's ages. Instead of asking directly how old a person is, people often ask what is his or her animal sign. This would place that person's age within a cycle of 12 years, and with a bit of common sense, we can figure out his or her exact age. More often, though, people ask for animal signs not to compute a person's exact numerical age, but to simply know who is older among friends and acquaintances. Legend According to Chinese legend, the twelve animals quarreled one day as to who was to head the cycle of years. The gods were asked to decide and they held a contest. Whomever reached the opposite bank of the river first would be first, and the rest of the animals would receive their years according to their finish. All the twelve animals gathered at the riverbank and jumped in. Unknown to the ox, the rat had jumped upon his back. As the ox was about to jump ashore, the rat jumped off the ox's back, and won the race. The pig, who was very lazy, ended up last. That is why the rat is the first year of the animal cycle, the ox second, and the pig last.    |
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Copyright
© 2002 by Arizona State University and
the Arizona Board of Regents.
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For instance, a skeleton
is a symbol of death and the importance of ancestors for the Mexicans.
